Endangered plants of india pdf

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Accessed on 28 Feb Curr Sci 3 Google Scholar. Curr Sci 99 11 — Google Scholar. My Forest 35 3 — Google Scholar. Dasappa and Jagatram Conservation hotspots of rare, endangered and threatened species in Western Ghats. My Forest — Google Scholar. Franz C Domestication of wild growing medicinal plants.

Plant Res Develop — Google Scholar. Curr Sci — Google Scholar. Accessed on 30th May Accessed on 9th July Version —3. A rare species is one with small population that is not presently endangered but is at risk, an endangered species is one, which is in danger of extinction throughout all or of a significant portion of its range and a threatened species is one, which is likely to become endangered in foreseeable future [].

India is one of the richest nations in the world with respect to floral diversity. Among the flowering plants reported from India, one-third is considered endemic in the Western Ghats.

Unfortunately because of the rapid urbanization, environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation etc. Many of these endangered ornamental species including some orchids which possess medicinal properties urgently require to be conserved on priority basis. About species of orchids have been reported from India among which species are rare, are endangered and ornamental and 37 are of medicinal importance [6].

Leaves of endangered Red vanda Renanthera imscootiana can be make paste to treat skin diseases. Flower juice of endangered blue vanda Vanda coerulea generally used as eye drops for controlling glaucoma, cataract and blindness and leaves can be used a expectorant.

Endemism and causes of endangerment Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location or habitat type. India is home to several endemic ornamental species owing to diverse ecosystems and habitats. Around A large number of endemic plants are becoming endangered owing to habitat loss and associated fragmentation particularly in the tropics [8].

Collection for the horticultural trade and for private collections is the biggest single threat to the cacti [9] and in many areas, orchids [10] as well as cycads and ornamental species in many other families [11]. Due to rapid urbanization, deforestation and anthropogenic reasons pollution is increasing at a alarming rate and this also posing threat to plants for extinction. This genus is monocarpic in nature and bear extremely beautiful flowers.

The dying out of these species subsequent to flowering produces enormous combustible material within and around shola forests which are very susceptible to forest fires, occurrences of fire in these shola forests burn the seeds and hence it may cause extinction of narrow endemics. There are altogether 43 species of Strobilanthes known from the state of Kerala.

Of these, 38 are endemic to Peninsular India [12]. Status of rare, endangered and threatened Indian ornamental flora Some rare and endemic epiphytic orchid species from Western ghats are Aerides ringens Fischer, Bulbophullum sureum Hook. A total of tree species belonging to 38 families have been found to be endemic to Wynad district of Kerala [14].

These include Dillenia bracteata Wight, Magnolia nilagirica Zenk. Sinclair, Miliusa nilagirica Bedd, Orophea uniflora Hook. Bedd, Casearia rubescens Dalz, Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. Don etc. Don, Passiflora leschenaultii DC etc. Cheilanthes duthiei Baker. Ampelopteris prolifera Retz. Adiantum edgeworthii Hooker Anemia wightiana Gard. Asplenium anogrammoides Christ. Anisocampium cumingianum Presl. Botrychium lanuginosum L. Asplenium affine Sw. Cheilanthes dubia Hope. Cheilanthes rufa D.

Dryopteris approximata Sledge Osmunda japonica Thunb. Grammitis attenuata Kze. Helminthostachys zeylanica L. Pteris wallichiana Agardh Hypodematium crenatum Forssk. Loxogramme parallela Copel. Polystichum subinerme Kze. Dennstaedtia wilfordii Moore Christ. Table 2 Endangered Rhododendrons of India [17] Sl. Eximium Large tree Endangered 6 R. Species Habitat Altitude Range 1 Bulbophyllum trichocephalum var. Lithophytic — m capitatum S.

Lucksom 2 Calanthe anjanii S. Lucksom Terrestrial — m 3 Calanthe keshabii S. Lucksom Terrestrial — m 4 Coelogyne pantlingii S.

Lucksom Epiphyte — m 8 Gastrochilus sonamii S. Lucksom Epiphyte — m 9 Liparis chungthangensis S. Lucksom Lithophyte — m 10 Liparis lydiaii S. Lucksom Epiphyte m Conservation strategies Germplasm conservation is defined as the management and use of biosphere resources which may yield the sustainable benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs of future generations [21].

Conservation of plant biodiversity is an integral part of biodiversity conservation and is a need of the hour. Conservation strategies broadly involve two approaches, namely, in situ and ex situ, based on the site of implementation. In situ conservation is the management of species within their natural ecosystems and habitats.

However, it is now recognized that ex situ techniques can be efficiently used to complement in situ methods, and they may represent the only option for conserving certain highly endangered and rare species [22]. NBPGR, New Delhi is one of the organizations which is equipped and enriched with the essential conservation facilities including seed gene bank, in vitro repository, cryobank, field gene bank, etc. In Situ Conservation In situ conservation is the management of species within their natural ecosystems and habitats.

Viable populations of the target species are maintained in their natural surroundings with minimal human intervention [23]. They include national parks and nature reserves, sustainable use reserves, wilderness areas and heritage sites [24].

In India, a network of PAs has been established comprising of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, 47 conservation reserves and 4 community reserves [25]. In addition, sanctuaries in Tura range in Garo Hills of Meghalaya for the conservation of Rhododendrons and orchids in Sikkim have been established.

Sacred groove is another form of in situ conservation which refers to the small patches of native vegetation traditionally protected and managed by local communities. About 13, sacred grooves presently exist in India [27].

Over 38 botanical gardens conserve around rare and threatened plants of India as living plant collections, and among these, 32 species are catalogued in the Indian Red Data Books [30]. Several plants species of botanical interest such as Rafflesia , several orchids, Bromeliads, Nepenthes and other insectivorous taxa and aquatic species including Victoria amazonica , Nymphaea gigantea , Nelumbo nucifera and Euryale ferox which can only be protected in botanical gardens under ex situ conditions.

In India there are very few fernaries to conserve the rare and endangered ferns eg. Arboreta Arboreta are special spaces set apart for the cultivation and display of a wide variety of different kinds of trees and shrubs.

For example, in India, the Ooty arboretum has both indigenous and exotic tree species such as Hypericum hookerianum and Alnus nepalensis. Botanical survey of India BSI is pioneer in collecting and conserving important rare and endangered ornamental plants and their large scale mass propagation using biotechnological tools. Table 6 Endemic and threatened species stored in National Gene Bank showing orthodox seed storage behaviour [32] Sl.

Articficially pollinated, an IUCN red listed endangered species, Experiment on Micropropagation of following mentioned threatened species has been initiated — Ilex khasiana, Cymbidium tigrinum, Armodorum senapatianum, Rhododendron coxianum, Paphilpedilum hirsutissimum. Successfully transferred 40 plantlets of Cymbidium tigrinum to greenhouse. Five plantlets of Rhododendron coxianum were transferred to greenhouse and maintained.

Seed germination experiment was conducted in Indopiptadenia oudhensis but all the seeds failed to germinate. Screening of plant growth regulators for the induction of multiple shoots, callus induction in Indopiptadenia oudhensis was done.

Micropropagation protocol has been standardized for Pittosporum eriocarpum [34]. Those species are Paphiopedilum charlesworthii, P. However, except P.